simple system in terms of hardware, as software is also layered .
microscopic physical phenomena are included at the bottom electrical phenomena , including almost purely abstract theory collection , not much can be tangible kind . For example, after the doping of the specific impurity semiconductor , the ability of the nucleus to capture free electrons to increase or decrease . The resulting application of PN junction . Another example of charged particles in a magnetic field of the forces ( the Lorentz force ) , which extends out of the cathode ray tube , Hall effect and other applications. There solenoid is energized conductors and magnetic fields generated by the shape of this application , the more to go. Another example is the fluctuation between the emission source and the receiving point causing the received frequency change ( Doppler effect ) distance changes , thus extending applications like radar gun ...... basically from junior high school physics to university physics, all with electricity related knowledge are covered in it. Physics and mathematics as a basis for discipline with these basic physical phenomena of the same strain , is the cornerstone of the entire software industry, hardware industry as well . Now many hardware engineers are not familiar with these basic disciplines , which will give them time to solve the problem a lot of limitations , one can not quickly find the most suitable solution , the second is not to analyze what is in the hands of the ins and outs of the program , how to optimize existing there are solutions .
up a layer of discrete electronic components. Resistors, capacitors , inductors , diodes, these are called passive devices , transistor , FET which is an active element , the reaction characteristics of these devices with the output signal characteristic of the input signal changes , and these properties should be reflected , must in addition to the input signal power is provided separately , so called active device. Discrete electronic components is the basic unit of selection of board-level hardware engineers .
This layer is divided into two aspects of the theory and practice , practice is not difficult to find a few typical electronic components touch , take multimeter test it. After the saw can recognize on the line. Theory in this regard , a qualified electrical engineer must master mold their own characteristics and typical applications of these components. Digital hardware engineers often do not pay attention to these basics , it was not painted N-MOSFET and P-MOSFET circuit symbol , some do not understand the calculation of quiescent operating point of the transistor . There are zero-state response of the RC circuit who lack a thorough understanding , do not know how to calculate the reset time constant RC network for digital integrated circuits . How many of these will constitute flawed. This layer is the best learning theory reference generic university " Electrical Engineering" textbook Higher Education Press volumes . If there is enough understanding of the underlying physics of the most talked about above, will greatly enhance your understanding of discrete electronic components . For example, resistivity , electromagnetic induction knowledge can help you understand why the simple one wire should extend as much mess stray capacitance and inductance problems , in the end when you want to look at the body as an equipotential , when to consider its position and shape . High-speed circuit engineers and RF engineers often have to face these problems. Your goal is which group ?
to the next level is the integration of electronic components. Which is included IC (IC) and a variety of electronic components , including integrated sensors . Above a layer of discrete components and circuit boards with wires connecting bring bulky discrete characteristics , temperature, uneven distribution caused by long wires from signal reflections and many other issues . So Jack Kilby and Robert诺伊思to think and put them onto a small miniature semiconductor substrate. Almost all integrated circuits are active devices . Integrated electronics in two directions , upstream chip -level microelectronics industry , which is the design and production of electronic components . They focus on basic subjects discussed before . Board-level hardware engineers elective courses are compulsory for them . Like all the knowledge and technology related to the flow sheet such as light painting . Subdivision , there are many different occupations, not repeat them here . Downstream is the board-level hardware engineers , they are holding the upstream industry to produce the finished product applications.
junior high school when I watched a few logic gates open book element instructions on blind wondering there a book above all models include the integrated circuit in the world , then I think that a qualified engineer must be in the brain Remember that all integrated circuits in the instructions for use in order to work. And in fact, has been developed a new IC every day , many models have those sites specializing in selling components are difficult to update over. So you do not know there is always a strange model , but that does not mean you can not do a qualified engineer. If you master the basic principles of discrete components and common circuit structure , the new integrated look in his hand , the basic structure is nothing more than these things, just reassemble it again .
integrated electronics This layer is also divided into two aspects of theory and practice , this level of practice, the initial chip is to take a few common understanding about the package. Common packaging category will recognize the OK. Next step is to go to the theory , and finally back to the practice that you selected for the specific application of IC combat .
theory, the above said , " electrical engineering " also involves a set of textbook knowledge in operational amplifiers, digital logic area. Like a logical expression simplification in the use of such knowledge either 4000 series logic ICs or when doing CPLD / FPGA design time will reflect its importance when writing programs ultimately logical operations. Mastered this level of knowledge , the focus is in addition to the underlying foundation of English outside . When you are dealing with and integrated circuits are mostly looking at the documentation . The things you need in the end to satisfy what conditions you choose to have something in the end what conditions , how to use, rely on them . English For software engineers should not be a big problem , after all, engaged in software when most people have seen the term RTFM , and foreigners on the unthinking questioner often say : Read the fucking manual!
In particular , this layer comprises a programmable integrated circuit components including microcontroller , CPLD / FPGA, DSP, independent processors (CPU, GPU , etc. ) , memory and customizable programmable mixed -signal circuit and so on. For these programmable devices , there is a higher level , that is, the hardware abstraction layer (HAL). This layer belongs to the software , analog engineers would not have touched . But digital engineers , especially when embedded operating systems engineers operate the underlying hardware must deal with it . Write drive hardware engineers sometimes have to read the manual to learn about their own use of hardware modules possess physical characteristics, then you can continue to write your own code. This layer is a software engineer site up , and that the field flourish, I could not then talk about it.
Most people who want to learn all the hardware comes with specific needs . There may be in the hands of a platform for the project needs to be done , or is very interested in a particular device . In this case the best entry point is this specific thing in your hand . Take a look at which level it belongs to the above , and then radiate outward open, understand its ins and outs . From the beginning of the establishment of the relevant physical perceptions of the entire industry . Familiar with the kind of learning on the go behind the theory . Different theories ultimately up to each other at the intersection of the brain composed of a coherent theoretical system.
many hardware engineers from primary school to start learning , and hands-on learning all the way over . Learn hardware , power comes from the most primitive to the natural scientific curiosity , but also enjoy hands-on fun. These are not able to master overnight , the less you want to learn about a couple of years, but there are different branches of the hardware in the field , and sometimes it can be said the observatory each other. Energy is limited, you can grasp how much depends on how far you have perseverance .
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said very well, the top
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passing , I feel pretty good. Top up ~ ~ ~ ~
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thank for sharing
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find a starting point, and then to open to external radiation . . . Thank you, the landlord , benefited !
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really long knowledge .
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Dinga . . .
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Oh , learn
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how does the top of this post ~ ~ ? !
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landlord to ask you a question: how to deal with the problem dispersion parameters of semiconductor devices in the hardware design ?
semiconductor devices due to limitations of the manufacturing process there may be some differences in the parameters of the same manufacturer in the same batch of components produced by the same model , and some may also be very different. When I have been well-designed circuit , the circuit parameters to determine the mass production of the tubes when they found that my circuit is only applicable to the test , do my every product must be used according to the parameters specific to those semiconductor devices determine the parameters of the other components of the circuit ? How do you deal with this situation in everyday work ?
For example , I recently used optocoupler pc817c, say it is a linear optocoupler , but very narrow its linear region. Tested in the forward current in 5-7ma when current transfer ratio is about 3.65 . After determining good circuit resistance and capacitance of the size of the other , for another pc817c found his current transfer ratio is 3.4 . I'm sure a good circuit parameters before do not apply. Circuit board production naturally impossible .
I just started working , never really used before the transistor, the transistor magnification I think it should be like this , right? So designers in the face of this situation is how to deal with ?
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posts good, jacking
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First, to re-examine their own needs . Contradiction is not a technical issue but most indicators on administrative issues . The same design level , the same supply chain , raw materials you pay for . If company leaders analyze competitors' products , would like to spend less costs to deliver better products stand out. Do not want the horse to run a horse grazing , that this is a layman leadership doing things . This problem is usually no solution, this stingy boss you give him to do no less than to shoot a little ass leave no regrets.
tips on things , the easiest is if you want the index is relatively high, on for some high-end film . For example you this specific situation , PC817 optocoupler used to make this common transmission precision is not enough, you can change the built-in feedback HCNR201.
If it is to pull the cost , there is a principle that can try to do hardware and software do live . For example, you want to capture the incoming signal into the ADC inside, you think software conversion circuit came in the range of 10 to 1000. Corresponding voltage is 0.0322V ~ 3.223V. If you spend a lot of effort to debug hardware operating point , it falls on the acquisition value of this range , then you do not know the cost to increase the number . But if you do the software inside a calibration function , activate this feature in the factory when the characteristics of each board its own record in the EEPROM inside the board , it would save a lot of hardware design cost . Production when software is the most worthless , so suddenly saving.
Of course, some places had to use hardware solution , in order to ensure the consistency of the finished product , to be a part of the former hardware calibrated . In this case there are ways , such as using laser trimming (laser trimming). Thin-film resistors with a laser to burn a portion resistor can increase the resistance , the capacitor portion of the electrode can be reduced burn their capacity , the use of these basic principles can achieve many precise calibration. Many mixed-signal IC also uses internal laser trimming process .
Both the software calibration or laser trimming , if mass production is set to be designed specifically for this product calibration process . To have a pure analog circuitry external auxiliary circuits and mechanical structure as tooling , and if the product is software programmable to be a complete set of factory mode .
analog circuit production line products are placed on the tooling, laser trimming if it is , then you need to activate the product on the tooling will automatically calibrate the circuit , and receive real-time to the output of the product. This output is trimming element comprises a parameter of the function. Laser Marking a point, some of the output changes immediately . Followed by RBI enough until the output meets the requirements, the system will automatically recognize it, the end of the tuning .
If the product is programmable calibration work . You do not necessarily need tooling, as long as there is a way to start the calibration process, a set of automated equipment can provide the required input signal for the product , change a few times back and forth within its range, you can complete the calibration. This process design principle is to minimize the amount of manual tasks , preferably entirely by mechanical automatic.
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add something : to put more effort to improve stability. Even partial , but was consistently biased , which solved.
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Read the fucking manual!
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add something : to put more effort to improve stability. Even partial , but was consistently biased , which solved.
Thank you learned a lot !
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Thank you ! Learn !
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learn and see the difference . Chose this road , do not look back without regret , for their own fuel.
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I am not a big cow software , I can enter the hardware industry to do ? Ha ha.
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post was inspired by a few people to write, but the software is not only addressed to a large cattle. Anyone can see .
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I also engage in software , not the master , but not a big cow, is also very interested in learning hardware.
your " find a starting point, and then radiate outward open " , is indeed very real , very good idea , but too many post talked about feeling the bottom of things , so I imagine we hardware rookie , to learn hardware is not from the top to the bottom of school , elementary school is not a good comparison .
I learned some time FPGA, I feel this should be transferred from the software and hardware is a good thing , with the FPGA to be a simple thing, but later discovered that , in fact, is the only hardware description language to write code that there is something like software ideological gap between the programming and writing code a lot , it was hard to write with the idea of software hardware code.
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CPU a timing jumping back and forth to go , FPGA logic also is a large parallel processing . Programming on the difference between the two different levels certainly great . Do you want to learn in depth , since sooner or later contact with some discrete components . FPGA on the periphery of some discrete devices . Looking at the physical principle more motivated to learn more . From the familiar things you have on hand began to expand horizons.
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CPU a timing jumping back and forth to go , FPGA logic also is a large parallel processing . Programming on the difference between the two different levels certainly great . Do you want to learn in depth , since sooner or later contact with some discrete components . FPGA on the periphery of some discrete devices . Looking at the physical principle more motivated to learn more . From the familiar things you have on hand began to expand horizons.
You're right, the future need to learn the software and hardware must learn to learn in depth the bottom of things .
combined project combat theory, began to expand the horizons familiar things from the hand . This method is very good indeed , and I also very touching .
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Thank landlord, strengthened my determination to learn the hardware
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good good good ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha
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Thank you for sharing
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passing , I feel bad. Top up ~ ~ ~ ~
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Oh , ah, suddenly want to learn microcontroller, see this post , popular use.
wish to pointing Started twelve .
Thank LZ
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CPU a timing jumping back and forth to go , FPGA logic also is a large parallel processing . Programming on the difference between the two different levels certainly great . Do you want to learn in depth , since sooner or later contact with some discrete components . FPGA on the periphery of some discrete devices . Looking at the physical principle more motivated to learn more . From the familiar things you have on hand began to expand horizons.
It's almost understand -mode , C language super bad , microcontroller only 51, ARM not going to play , but not the operating system, but do not want to learn these very disgusted .
but few are familiar with enthusiasm electricity, mathematics , digital signal out to do with FPGA design engineers belong to what position ? Long-term do forever?
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landlord to share good refueling
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top one
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not see how people want to go the route of software hardware born , when I want to make the software a few years into the hardware ~ ~ heart fatigued
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article strategically advantageous position . Very enlightening. .
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learn ! ! Yes ah
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can make use of the mathematical advantage to try to do the work and signal processing algorithms , such as pattern recognition .
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work in addition to money mainly to enjoy a pleasure. If you are not interested , then this is what fear is immune hold on. I will not do the design , pointing to support the family , and was with the team , the design is purely a hobby , they love to play when he was a big kid toys .
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landlord, I am a student of software college freshman sophomore software to learn good , then junior year to enter the laboratory exposure to FPGA, learning to write verilog, found hardware quite interesting. Then with a lab teacher , learned a stipple pcb board , recently engaged in something sensor network networking ; currently I personally feel I have certain hardware and software to understand, but not very fine, do you think I should how to do the work , then later in a field still need to do a very fine job , right ?
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cast a wide net , focus on training .
can do some of the many different areas of shallow understanding , choosing the twelve depth study. According to the current level of technology , an ordinary effort while deep drilling twenty-three discipline almost. Live entertainment and the like count , over a sunny fulfilling life , to engage in professional effort less.
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good, very interesting
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hardware is to continue to accumulate , the book said only theoretical
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good Man , ah, I was a university student about to enter the industry , always feel bitter forced to engage in technology , especially that Read ; the fucking manual! Do not know when the landlord can proudly steeped head ...... I do not know how many years this road , only this accumulation , mark what
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what perseverance , love on the line. Do not love everything difficult .
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NB ....
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cattle too . . .
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support , with Some open source hardware, such as Arduino to start learning , okay ?
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first to leave a name , too empty to see
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that good, admire !
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